Essay writing

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Model Essay

Examination not assessment
In the past two decade, the use of formal examinations has become less frequent in many countries. The educational systems in some societies however are still dominated by formal examinations. I believe that, to a certain extent, examinations can give an unfair assessment of a student’s ability. Even thought examination result has been used extensively as a means of assessment in the past, there are times when they do not appear to reflect a student’s ability accurately.

Firstly, examinations can be unfair in several ways. For example, that whole career of a candidate depends upon what he or she does on a certain day and hour of an exam. If the candidate is ill, or if he or she has had some emotional trauma, these factors could have a negative effect on the student’s exam results. Furthermore, some students do not perform well under pressure and require a longer time to reach useful conclusions. Even though they may have studied diligently and know the subject matter thoroughly their performance does not reflect their ability. For these students, examinations appear to be unfair.

Yet, some people believe that examinations make people work hard. They assume that in order to do well, students need to work throughout the course as they know they will have to prove themselves at the end.

However, in many ways, exams have the opposite effect; some candidates merely cram so that they can perform quickly for the demands of the tests. Other forms of assessment such as course work and oral presentations are a more accurate reflection of how hard students work. In the assessment of their ability, students diligence, initiative, deductive reasoning and organizational skills are considered, which are important indicators of ability but are rarely tested in a formal examination.

In conclusion, even though formal examinations have been used in the past, they should no longer be used as the only means of assessment because they can be an unfair indication of the student’s overall ability. In the long term, other less formal means of assessment such as course work or oral presentations are a more useful indicator of the skills required in adult life and, therefore, a more accurate indication of a student’s ability.

TASK 4

Sewage usually dangerous for the nature, so we need a process before the sewage can be disposed freely to the river going to the sea. “Fresh sewage” from the sewer was collected in the settling tank. In this tank, particles heavier than water fall to the bottom of the tank, then it will be removed and burned. The polluted water that its solids have been removed was pumped through the pipes to the surface where there’s a filter. The polluted water comes out from the sprinkler so the water can be spread over the filter’s surface. The filter consists of several layers of stones and microorganisms. Polluted water will flow through those series of layers and was collected under the filter. The result of this process is purified water which is safe to be disposed in the river or sea.

Sewage Disposal Unit

The best way to waste the sewage is use a sewage disposal unit. In the sewage disposal unit, sewage can be changed to the purified water. First, sewage from main sewer is flown to settling tank. In there, sewage is separated to be polluted water and the undecayed solid will settle at the bottom of the settling tank. The undecayed solid is removed and burned. Next, the polluted water is flown to pump house. After that, the polluted water is pumped to the sprinkler beds. The outside of sprinkler bed is made of brick work. At the top of sprinkler bed there are rotating arms which can sprinkle the polluted water into sprinkler bed. After polluted water get into sprinkler bed, the polluted water is filtered and finally the polluted water is changed to be purified water and is flown to the river.

Simple Methane Production from Household Waste

Household waste can be processed to be methane in simple systems. First, in this system, the waste is put into the warming bed. In the warming bed, the waste is fermented by methanogenic bacteria resulting in raw methane. The side product can be used as fertilizer. The raw methane flows through a pipe into dirt trap. In his place the pure methane and dirt are separated. The methane which is lighter occupies the upper side and heavier dirt will reside at lower side. Then the pure methane flows into half-water-filled and top-sealed tube called gas indicator. The bubbles in the water indicate the existence of methane. The methane fulfills the rest of the tube and become saturated. After that, the methane flows to the next pipe that is also connected to the gas indicator. The methane then experiences increasing of its pressure due to the inner tubes that is loaded by weight. Now the methane can be taken from the tap at the end of the gas holder. If the pressure of the methane is too high, the excess gas will flows to a top-opened and water-filled tube. In this way the excess gas can be released to the air so the stability of the system can be maintained.

Sewage Disposal Unit

The process of disposing sewage in the sewage disposal unit is quite simple. First, the polluted water is flown to the settling tank through the main sewer. In the settling tank, the polluted water is separated from the undecayed solids that is stays in the bottom of the tank. After the separating process, the undecayed solids is removed from the tank and then burned while the polluted water is flown to the pump house. In the pump house, the polluted water is pumped to the sprinkler beds, which is the last part of the process. In the sprinkler beds, the polluted water flows through the rotating arms. The speed of the rotating arm makes the polluted water that flows through become a jet. Then, the jet of polluted water is sprayed to the filter that made of bricks and contains stones and micro-organisms. When the water flows through the filter, the stones and micro-organisms filter and purified the water. After that process, the water is ready to enter the river.

Sewage Disposal Unit

A sewage disposal unit doesn’t work in a complicated way. First, waste mostly comes from houses flows through the main sewer to the settling tank. In the settling tank, the waste is separated into two forms, the undecayed solids waste and the polluted water. The undecayed solids waste are removed from the settling tank and burnt outside, while the polluted water is distributed to the pump house. The second process is taken in the pump house. The polluted water is pumped from the pump house to the sprinkler beds, where the purifying water process is taken. Next, the polluted water is pumped out to the rotating arms which have jets to rotate them. The polluted water is sprayed out of the rotating arms to the brick work. The brick work is a part of the sprinkler beds which has a function to filter the polluted water from stones and micro-organisms. After the water is filtered, the purified water is distributed to river.

Task 3

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH

ANGKLUNG – UNIQUE BUT UNIVERSAL
Angklung is a universal musical instrument. It includes many aspects of nature and social. The nature aspect is that angklung is made from natural material which is bamboo. Angklung’s social aspect is that it has to be played by a lot of people because every angklung has a different size and only has one specific note. Angklung is very easy to be played, so everyone from every age can play it. The other universality of angklung is that it can be performed not only traditional music, but also all genre of music, such as classic, jazz, and pop. This musical instrument can also be combined by other musical instruments, not only traditional musical instruments, but also modern or classic musical instruments, such as contra bass, bass drum, and cymbal, to create an angklung orchestra. Nowadays, angklung is also well-known in other countries, such as Japan, Germany, and countries in South-East Asia.

PROCESS PARAGRAPH

HOW TO DISTRIBUTE WATER IN THE HOUSE
Distributing the water in the house is not very difficult. First, the water is pumped from underground by the water pump. Then, some of the water is distributed to the cold water tank while some of the water is directly distributed to house devices, such as sink in the kitchen or to the bathroom. Next, in the bathroom, the water is distributed to various devices. It is kept in the toilet, wash basin pipe, and also in the bathtub pipe. After the water reaches the cold water tank, some of the water is distributed to the hot water tank to be heated. Last, the hot water is distributed through the pipe to the bathtub pipe, wash basin pipe, and sink whenever the taps are opened.